Introduction
An overview of the operating system. Functions of the operating system, OS evaluation, Batch, multi-programmed, time-sharing, real-time, distributed, parallel are all examples of operating systems.

Structure of the System
Operation of a computer system, I/O structure, storage structure, storage hierarchy, various types of protections, operating system structure (basic, layered, virtual machine), O/S services, and system calls

Management of Processes

Processes : Process concept, process scheduling, process operations, cooperating processes, and interprocess communication.

Threads: an overview, the advantages of threads, and the differences between user and kernel threads.

CPU scheduling : preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling criteria ,scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF,RR, priority), algorithm evaluation, multi-processor scheduling.

Process Synchronization : background, critical section problem, critical region, synchronization hardware, classical problems of synchronization, semaphores.

Deadlocks : system model, deadlock characterization, methods for handling deadlocks, deadlock prevention,

deadlock avoidance, deadlock detection, recovery from deadlock.

Storage Management 
Memory Management : background, logical vs. physical address space, swapping, contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, segmentation with paging.
Virtual Memory : background, demand paging, performance, page replacement, page replacement algorithms (FCFS, LRU), allocation of frames, thrashing.
File Systems : file concept, access methods, directory structure, file system structure, allocation methods (contiguous, linked, indexed), free-space management (bit vector, linked list, grouping), directory implementation (linear list, hash table), efficiency & performance.
I/O Management : I/O hardware, polling, interrupts, DMA, application I/O interface (block and character devices,
network devices, clocks and timers, blocking and nonblocking I/O), kernel I/O subsystem (scheduling, buffering,
caching, spooling and device reservation, error handling), performance.
Disk Management : disk structure, disk scheduling (FCFS, SSTF, SCAN,C-SCAN) , disk reliability, disk formatting, boot block, bad blocks.

Protection & Security 
Goals of protection, domain of protection, security problem, authentication, one time password, program threats,
system threats, threat monitoring, encryption.